91 Term Definition Breakout rooms A virtual space within an online platform like Zoom or Teams where groups of two or more can gather and interact independently of others in the larger meeting. Browser The application that allows a user to load and read web pages, such as Google Chrome, Apple Safari, Microsoft Edge, DuckDuckGo, and Firefox. Bug A problem with the function of an app that causes it to fail to work as expected, often due to an error in the coding of a recent update. Can-Do A statement within the standards indicating whether an instructor believes they meet an expected criterion for a given standard, closely related to the performance indicators, but always presented in first person. Cellular data The system on a smartphone that allows it to be mobile and access the Internet and websites without wi-fi. ChatGPT The first publicly available generative AI program (released in November 2022) that can engage in humanlike conversations and produce coherent texts. Cloud Online space where servers, apps, and files can be stored and shared, reducing the need for physical servers and storage. Collaborative writing Using online technology such as Google Docs to support pairs or groups in co-constructing a text and providing online feedback to one another. Community of practice A group of people linked by common activities and interests, including work, and who learn from each other in a collaborative way. Core application General purpose software commonly used in work, such as word-processors, spreadsheets, email apps, and browsers. Crafting prompts Producing effective instructions for a generative AI program like ChatGPT, an increasingly important skill for both instructors and learners. Data analysis Using technology to collect and analyze information for areas like individual and collective learner performance. Deep fake An image, audio clip, or video clip that has been convincingly manipulated by AI to look authentic and is presented as authentic. This is often used for illicit purposes. Device For our purposes, any physical piece of technology that uses or is associated with a computer system—especially, desktop and laptop computers, tablets, and smartphones. Digital Referring to devices, processes, or products (audio, graphic, video, or text) in electronic form. Digital portfolio A virtual portfolio containing texts, images, audio, video, and multimodal combinations of these in electronic rather than physical paper form. Disabilities Physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder a person’s full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. Effectiveness How well technology or technology-mediated tasks work in achieving language learning outcomes as determined by the instructor’s goals and reasons for using the technology Efficiency The degree to which a given technology, activity, or task meets its objective in terms of saving time or resources, especially for improving language learning. CC-BY-NC-SA 2025 New Language Solutions Avenue Instructor Standards for Technology-Enhanced Language Learning, version 1.2
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